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Benefits Of Joining The Roman Army – A Roman legionnaire (lat. legionarius, plural legionarii) is a professional heavy infantryman of the Roman army. These soldiers conquered and defended the territories of ancient Rome during the later republics and principates, along with auxiliaries and cavalry units. At their peak, Roman legionnaires were considered the premier fighting force in the Roman world, and comtators such as Vegetius praised their combat effectiveness after the demise of classical Roman legionnaires.
Roman legionnaires were recruited from Roman citizens under the age of 45. At first they consisted mainly of recruits from Roman Italy, but over time more were recruited from the provinces. As the legionnaires moved into newly conquered provinces, they helped Romanize the native population and helped unify the various regions of the Roman Empire into one state. They were enlisted in the legion after 25 years of service, as opposed to the early practice of enlisting for only one campaign. Legionnaires were expected to fight, but they also built much of the Roman Empire’s infrastructure and served as police in the provinces. They built large public projects such as walls, bridges and roads. The last five years of service, the legionnaire fell to lighter duties.
Benefits Of Joining The Roman Army
When retiring, a Roman legionary received a plot of land or its monetary equivalent and often became a prominent member of society.
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Gaius Marius, depicted as a triumphant on a coin minted by Gaius Fundanius in 101 BC. He triumphed because of his victory in the Cimbrian War.
The Marian reforms were predictable changes in the composition and operation of the Roman army during the late Roman Republic, usually attributed to Gaius Marius (a general who was consul in 107, 104–100, and 86 BC).
). The most important of the claimed changes concerned the change in the socio-economic status of the soldier. Other changes were to include the introduction of a cohort; introduction of a single form of heavy infantry with uniforms; general adoption of the eagle standard; and abolition of civil cavalry.
It was widely believed that Marius changed the socio-economic status of soldiers by allowing propertyless citizens to join the Roman army, a process known as “proletarianization”.
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This proletarianization would create a semi-professional class of land-motivated soldiers, who in turn were converted into monasticism by their generals, who used them to overthrow the republic.
Belief in a complex scheme of reforms under Marius appeared in 1840s German scholarship, which argued that any change in the Roman army between the times of Polybius and Marius was possibly due to a single reform. This belief spread relatively uncritically and was largely taken for granted in the 1850s and throughout most of the 20th century. However, there is little evidence to suggest any permanent or significant change in hiring practices under Marius.
Other reforms in army operations and equipment said to have been carried out by Marius are also largely dismissed by scholars.
Others are incorrectly dated or incorrectly attributed. The changes in the Roman army in the late republic came later (during the Social War and after the civil wars, not in the late 2nd century BC) and arose out of circumstances rather than a reforming Marian vision.
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When Augustus consolidated power in 27 BC and established the Principate, he further professionalized the Roman legionary and attempted to break the legionary’s dependence on his general. With it, the service of a legionnaire was increased to 25 years (before that, the average service of a legionnaire was only 10 years), and the payment was unified in all legions. A Roman legionary was also guaranteed a land stipend or monetary reward for his service, making the Roman legionary less dependent on the heralds for rewards after campaigns. Augustus also changed the sacrum so that soldiers swore allegiance only to the emperor and not to the general. In this way, Augustus succeeded in expanding the civil wars that defined the late Roman Republic and created an army largely loyal only to the emperor.
Legionnaires expanded Rome’s borders to include Lower Britain, Dacia, North Africa, etc. through military campaigns led by Augustus and future emperors.
Clibinaria, a type of heavy cavalry in the late Roman Empire, appeared along with other forms of cavalry when the Roman legionnaires declined.
Beginning with the reign of Septimus Severus, the Roman legionary gradually lost its advantage. Although there were several reasons for this decline, all pointed to a gradual deterioration in loyalty and/or discipline. Septimus Severus, perhaps inadvertently, started this decline when he showered his legionaries with donations and pay raises, recognizing that they were his key to becoming and remaining emperor. However, this proved detrimental to the discipline of the legionaries, as they began to expect more and more rewards from the emperors.
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Under Caracalla, Septimus Severus’ successor, all freedmen in the Roman Empire became Roman citizens, effectively erasing the distinction between auxiliaries and legionaries. This, coinciding with the continued expansion of the Roman army, meant that recruits of more questionable standards joined the legions, further reducing the quality of the Roman legionnaire.
During the crisis of the 3rd century, a more mobile army became necessary as threats arose across the long frontiers of the Roman Empire. Thus, mounted cavalry became important in responding to the various challenges of the empire. Because of this, the Roman heavy infantry lost their advantage. In the 4th century, Roman infantry lacked much of the armor of classical legionnaires and used javelins instead of the saws of their predecessors.
Although a legionnaire was primarily a soldier, he performed a number of other important functions. In the absence of professional police, governors would use legionnaires to maintain peace and protect important sites.
Since the Roman Empire did not have a large civil administration, the army was often given many administrative positions. High-ranking warriors often acted as judges in disputes between the local population, and the army was an important part of tax collection.
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Legionnaires also served to spread Roman culture in the provinces where they were stationed. As the legionnaires settled in the provinces, cities grew up around them, often becoming large cities. Thus, when legionnaires mixed and intermarried with the local population, they helped Romanize the provinces they defended.
Roman legionnaires also served as a source of labor and experience. Thus, much of the infrastructure connecting the empire was built by legionnaires. Legionnaires built roads, canals and bridges, as well as more defensive structures such as fortresses and walls.
Hadrian’s Wall, a monumental example of Roman construction, was built by three legions stationed in the area.
Legionnaires were not limited to the construction of large-scale engineering structures. Surveyors, doctors, artisans and engineers in the army will be used to perform a variety of civilian services alongside their normal military role.
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Ordinary trained legionnaires were known as militia and were equal in rank to the modern private. In addition to the militia, the ranks included immunities, specialized soldiers with secondary roles such as engineer, gunner, drill and weapons instructor, carp and medic. However, these m were still fully trained legionnaires and, if called upon, fought in ranks. They were relieved of some of the more difficult tasks, such as drilling and fatigue, and were paid more than their comrades-in-arms.
Although the Roman legionnaires were mainly composed of citizen volunteers, conscription continued throughout the Republic and the Principate, especially in times of crisis. This meant that limbs remained a significant part of the Roman legions.
Since the state provided equipment for recruits and did not require property, the poorest Roman citizens could join the legions. However, the army was perceived as an honorable and valuable profession. With a fixed salary, good pensions, and certain legal advantages, the legionnaire had many advantages that ordinary citizens found desirable. Thus, although poor citizens could join the army, representatives of the plebeian class were in the Roman legions. Indeed, the army served as one of the few opportunities for upward advancement in the Roman world.
The army actively sought recruits with useful skills such as blacksmiths, carpenters and butchers. Although literacy was not required, it was useful, as promotion to higher ranks such as curtion required knowledge of writing.
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During the later republic, Roman legionnaires came mainly from the areas around Rome. However, as Rome expanded, recruits began to arrive from other regions of Italy. Gradually, recruits came from the regions where the legions were stationed, rather than from Italy itself. During the reign of Trajan, for every legionary from Italy there were 4-5 legionaries from the provinces.
When marching into enemy territory, a legionnaire wore or had full armor, supplies, and equipment. This usually consisted of lorica hamata, lorica squamata, or 1st–3rd. ctury lorica segmtata, a shield (scutum), a helmet (galea), two spears (a heavy pilum and a light verutum), a short sword (gladius), a dagger (pugio), a belt (balteus), a pair of heavy sandals ( caligae), a pair of bucklers, pair manik, derived
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